GEOREFERENCING METHODS FOR ANALOGUE MAP INTEGRATION INTO GIS

Abstract

The integration of analogue maps into Geographic Information Systems (GIS) is a key process for updating and using historical cartographic archives. This study presents the theoretical framework of digitization and georeferencing, outlining the main methods employed depending on the information contained in the analogue source. Furthermore, it examines the practical challenges encountered, such as inconsistencies between map sheets created by different cartographers, discrepancies between historical and current administrative boundaries, difficulties in identifying tics (control points), and the reduced legibility of graphic elements. The applied examples illustrate how these limitations influence the georeferencing and digitization workflow, emphasizing the need for a methodical approach and critical interpretation of data. The findings highlight the importance of adapting GIS procedures to the variability and quality of analogue sources in order to produce reliable and coherent cartographic outputs.