ASPECTS CONCERNING THE COMPENSATION OF GEODESIC NETWORKS FREE OF GEOMETRIC GEODESIC LEVEL IN THE NORMAL SYSTEM

Abstract

Determining precise elevations by geometric leveling is a fundamental component in geodesy, civil engineering and cadastre.
In Romania, the gradual transition to the normal elevation system, compatible with the European Vertical Reference System (EVRS), requires the application of modern methods for compensating geodetic networks.
Free leveling networks are characterized by the absence of a point with fixed elevation, which requires special methodologies for numerical stabilization and additional conditioning to obtain a unique solution.
The article analyzes the principles of normal elevations, the necessary gravimetric corrections, the mathematical model of free networks, as well as compensation methods such as LSQ, the Hansen–Helmert–Wolf method and SVD.
A simplified numerical example, the interpretation of the compensated results and the advantages of using the normal system in current geodetic practice are presented. The paper reveals the central role of normal gravity, adjusted weights and regularization in ensuring the stability of the solution.
Finally, the implications for Romanian networks and the prospects for alignment with EVRS are discussed.
The altitude system used is the orthometric-spheroidal system, used in the past in Romania, which uses the geoid as a reference surface.